方法对比

	Value Conflict Measurement	Open-Ended Political Response Coding
领域	政治心理学	政治心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1986	1952
提出者	Philip Tetlock; Stanley Feldman & John Zaller	American National Election Studies / Klaus Krippendorff
类型	Measurement of value conflict in political reasoning	Qualitative content coding
开创性文献	Tetlock, P. E. (1986). A Value Pluralism Model of Ideological Reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(4), 819-827.	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454
别名	Value Pluralism Measurement, Political Ambivalence Measurement, Value Trade-off Measurement, Conflicting Considerations Measure	Open-Ended Coding, Likes-Dislikes Coding, Verbatim Response Coding, Master Code Scheme
相关	3	4
摘要	Value conflict measurement quantifies the tension citizens feel when an issue pits two values they both cherish against each other, and traces its cognitive consequences. Philip Tetlock's value pluralism model holds that people reason in integratively complex ways precisely when an issue activates conflicting values they regard as important and roughly equal in weight. Stanley Feldman and John Zaller showed that this conflict, between values such as equality and economic individualism over the welfare state, produces ambivalence: opinions built from opposing considerations that are unstable and sensitive to how questions are framed. Together these approaches measure value conflict and link it to complexity, ambivalence, and the instability of political attitudes.	Open-ended political response coding is the systematic content analysis of verbatim survey answers, classically the American National Election Studies likes/dislikes about parties and candidates, into a categorical scheme so they can be analyzed quantitatively. It applies content-analysis methodology (Krippendorff, 2004) to capture the substance and sophistication of citizens' political thinking that closed-ended items cannot.