方法对比

	Urban Simulation Model	Lowry Land-Use Transport Model
领域	Urban Studies	Human Geography
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2002	1964
提出者	Paul Waddell (UrbanSim); related lineage: cellular automata and agent-based modelling	Ira S. Lowry
类型	Dynamic computational model of urban development and land use	Spatial-interaction-based land-use and activity allocation model of a metropolitan area
开创性文献	Waddell, P. (2002). UrbanSim: Modeling urban development for land use, transportation, and environmental planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3), 297–314.	Lowry, I. S. (1964). A Model of Metropolis (RM-4035-RC). RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
别名	Land-Use Microsimulation, Urban Growth Simulation, Agent-Based Urban Model, Integrated Land-Use Transport Simulation	Lowry Model, Model of Metropolis, Lowry-Garin Model, Land-Use Transport Interaction Model
相关	4	4
摘要	Urban simulation models reproduce the dynamics of urban growth and land-use change by simulating, over time, the decisions of agents — households, firms, developers — or the transitions of cells on a grid. They span agent-based models, cellular automata such as SLEUTH, and microsimulation platforms such as Paul Waddell's UrbanSim, which represents individual households and jobs choosing locations through discrete-choice models linked to a transport network. Rather than predicting a single equilibrium, these models let many local rules and choices interact and feed back through prices and accessibility, generating emergent patterns of sprawl, densification, and redevelopment under alternative policies.	The Lowry model is the foundational operational model of urban land use, allocating where people live and where services locate around a given pattern of basic employment using spatial-interaction (gravity) distribution. Devised by Ira S. Lowry at the RAND Corporation in 1964 as 'A Model of Metropolis', it treats the city as a system in which basic jobs attract resident workers, those residents demand local services, and the resulting service jobs attract still more residents — a chain solved by iteration until the whole system balances. It launched the entire field of land-use and transport interaction modelling.