方法对比

	Upper Echelons (TMT) Analysis	Board Interlock Network Analysis
领域	战略管理	战略管理
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1984	1996
提出者	Donald C. Hambrick & Phyllis A. Mason	Mark S. Mizruchi; Gerald F. Davis
类型	Demography-to-strategy pipeline linking executive characteristics to organizational outcomes	Network-analytic pipeline for inter-firm ties created by shared directors
开创性文献	Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.	Mizruchi, M. S. (1996). What do interlocks do? An analysis, critique, and assessment of research on interlocking directorates. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 271-298.
别名	Top Management Team Demography Analysis, Upper Echelons Theory Testing, TMT Characteristics Analysis, Executive Demographic Analysis	Interlocking Directorate Analysis, Director Interlock Network Analysis, Corporate Board Network Analysis, Intercorporate Network Analysis
相关	3	3
摘要	Upper echelons analysis tests the proposition that organizations become reflections of their top managers: that the strategic choices a firm makes and the performance it achieves can be partly predicted from the observable characteristics of its top management team. Hambrick and Mason's 1984 Academy of Management Review article launched this perspective, arguing that because executives act on their construed view of complex situations, their experiences, values, and personalities shape outcomes — and that hard-to-measure cognitions can be proxied by observable traits such as age, tenure, functional background, and education. Hambrick's 2007 update sharpened the theory, emphasizing managerial discretion and executive job demands as the conditions under which executive characteristics matter most. The analysis links team demography to strategy and performance.	Board interlock network analysis treats the corporate economy as a network in which two firms are tied whenever they share a director, and studies how these interlocking directorates channel information, influence, and the diffusion of practices among companies. Mizruchi's 1996 Annual Review of Sociology synthesis crystallized the field, distinguishing the determinants of interlocks from their consequences and cataloguing the mechanisms — collusion, cooptation and monitoring, legitimacy, career advancement, and social cohesion — that interlocks have been argued to serve. Davis's 1991 study of how the poison-pill takeover defense spread through the board network gave the perspective its canonical demonstration that corporate practices diffuse along director ties. The method combines two-mode-to-one-mode network construction with positional metrics and diffusion modeling.