方法对比

	U-Net	全卷积网络（FCN）	Mask R-CNN：具有像素级掩码的实例分割
领域	深度学习	深度学习	深度学习
方法族	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
起源年份	2015	2015	2017
提出者	Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., & Brox, T.	Long, J.; Shelhamer, E.; Darrell, T.	Kaiming He et al. (FAIR)
类型	Encoder-decoder convolutional network with skip connections	Dense pixel-wise prediction convolutional network	Instance segmentation deep neural network
开创性文献	Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., & Brox, T. (2015). U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. In N. Navab et al. (Eds.), Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2015, LNCS 9351 (pp. 234–241). Springer.	Long, J., Shelhamer, E., & Darrell, T. (2015). Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 3431–3440.	He, K., Gkioxari, G., Dollár, P., & Girshick, R. (2017). Mask R-CNN. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2980–2988.
别名	U-Net, UNet, encoder-decoder with skip connections, fully convolutional segmentation network	FCN, fully convolutional network, FCN-32s, FCN-16s	Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network, Instance Segmentation R-CNN, He et al. 2017 Segmentation Model, Maske R-CNN
相关	3	2	2
摘要	U-Net is a fully convolutional encoder-decoder architecture, introduced by Ronneberger, Fischer, and Brox at MICCAI 2015, that produces dense pixel-wise segmentation masks by combining a contracting path that captures context with a symmetric expanding path that enables precise localization — all bridged by skip connections that preserve fine spatial detail. It established the standard baseline for biomedical image segmentation and has since become one of the most widely adopted architectures for any pixel-level prediction task.	The Fully Convolutional Network (FCN), introduced by Long, Shelhamer, and Darrell at CVPR 2015, was the first end-to-end deep learning architecture trained to produce dense pixel-wise semantic segmentation maps from images of arbitrary size. By replacing the fully connected layers of a classification CNN with convolutional layers and adding learned upsampling through transposed convolutions and skip connections, FCN enabled the direct prediction of a class label for every pixel in an image, establishing the template for all subsequent segmentation architectures including U-Net and DeepLab.	Mask R-CNN is a deep learning framework for instance segmentation introduced by Kaiming He, Georgia Gkioxari, Piotr Dollár, and Ross Girshick at Facebook AI Research (FAIR) in 2017. It extends Faster R-CNN by adding a parallel branch that predicts a binary pixel-level mask for each detected object instance, enabling simultaneous object detection, classification, and fine-grained segmentation in a single forward pass.