方法对比

	三角调查	调查
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1978 (Denzin); widely operationalized in survey contexts from the 1990s onward	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s
提出者	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation concept); Alan Bryman (mixed-methods survey application)	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s
类型	Mixed-methods data collection design	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument
开创性文献	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149
别名	survey triangulation, multi-method survey, convergent survey design, cross-validated survey	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study
相关	5	6
摘要	A Triangulated Survey deliberately combines a structured survey instrument with at least one additional data source — such as interviews, focus groups, observation, or a second survey — so that findings from each source can be cross-validated against the others. Rooted in Denzin's concept of methodological triangulation, the design strengthens credibility by checking whether independent lines of evidence converge on the same conclusions. It is especially common in applied social, educational, and health research.	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.