方法对比

	三角调查	在线调查
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1978 (Denzin); widely operationalized in survey contexts from the 1990s onward	Mid-1990s (widespread scholarly adoption ~1995–2000)
提出者	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation concept); Alan Bryman (mixed-methods survey application)	Mick P. Couper, Don A. Dillman (early systematic frameworks)
类型	Mixed-methods data collection design	Quantitative / mixed-methods data collection technique
开创性文献	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464–494.
别名	survey triangulation, multi-method survey, convergent survey design, cross-validated survey	web survey, internet survey, e-survey, computer-assisted web interviewing
相关	5	6
摘要	A Triangulated Survey deliberately combines a structured survey instrument with at least one additional data source — such as interviews, focus groups, observation, or a second survey — so that findings from each source can be cross-validated against the others. Rooted in Denzin's concept of methodological triangulation, the design strengthens credibility by checking whether independent lines of evidence converge on the same conclusions. It is especially common in applied social, educational, and health research.	An online survey is a structured data collection instrument hosted on a web platform and completed by respondents via internet-connected devices. It enables large-scale, geographically dispersed data gathering at low cost and with rapid turnaround. Respondents self-administer the questionnaire at their convenience, which reduces interviewer bias and permits automatic data capture. Online surveys are the dominant mode of survey research in social, behavioural, health, and market research today.