方法对比

	三角检验证据	民族志
领域	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1980s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
提出者	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation); Yvonna Lincoln & Egon Guba (trustworthiness framework)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
类型	Qualitative data collection and verification technique	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
开创性文献	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
别名	multi-source field notes, cross-observer field notes, triangulated observation notes, TFN	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
相关	5	5
摘要	Triangulated Field Notes is a qualitative data collection technique in which field notes are recorded independently by multiple observers, from multiple vantage points, or at multiple time points and then systematically compared to strengthen the credibility and completeness of observational data. Rooted in Denzin's triangulation framework and Lincoln and Guba's trustworthiness criteria, the approach counters observer bias by cross-checking accounts before analysis begins.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.