方法对比

	灵性超越量表 (STS)	每日灵性体验量表 (DSES)
领域	宗教心理学	宗教心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1999	2002
提出者	Ralph L. Piedmont	Lynn G. Underwood & Jeanne A. Teresi
类型	Self-report	Self-report
开创性文献	Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality have a place in personality science? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 3–13.	Underwood, L. G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 22–33.
别名	STS, Spiritual Transcendence	DSES
相关	4	4
摘要	The Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS), developed by Piedmont in 1999, is a 24-item self-report measure of spiritual transcendence: the human capacity to experience connection to something beyond oneself—whether understood as God, nature, humanity, or the sacred. The STS conceptualizes spiritual transcendence as a personality trait distinct from religious adherence or institutional participation, measured through three facets: Prayer Fulfillment (satisfaction from spiritual practices), Universality (sense of interconnection with all people and life), and Connectedness (sense of deep connection to the divine or sacred). The scale has become influential in understanding spirituality as a psychological dimension orthogonal to the Big Five personality traits.	The DSES, developed by Underwood and Teresi in 2002, is a 16-item self-report measure designed to capture the frequency and depth of spiritual experiences that occur in everyday life. Unlike scales that measure religious affiliation or institutional participation, the DSES assesses whether and how often individuals report direct, lived spiritual experience—moments of connection to something transcendent, sacred, or divine. It has become widely used in health services research, chaplaincy, and gerontological studies to quantify spiritual well-being and predict psychological and health outcomes.