方法对比

	Time Allocation Study	Participatory Mapping
领域	Anthropology	Anthropology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1984	1994
提出者	Ecological and economic anthropology (synthesized by Gross)	Participatory rural appraisal tradition (Chambers)
类型	Research design for characterizing how people allocate time across activities	Participatory method in which community members produce maps of their own space
开创性文献	Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 519–558.	Chambers, R. (1994). The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal. World Development, 22(7), 953–969.
别名	Time Allocation Research, Time Use Study, Time Budget Study, Activity Allocation Study	Community Mapping, Participatory GIS, PGIS, Counter-Mapping
相关	4	4
摘要	A time-allocation study is an anthropological research design that measures how people distribute their time across the activities of daily life — subsistence, domestic work, child care, leisure, ritual, and rest — in order to characterize a community's economy and way of life quantitatively. Data are gathered by directly observing what people do (through random spot checks or continuous focal observation) or by collecting recall diaries, and the activities are then expressed as shares of the total time budget. The result is an empirical portrait of how labor and leisure are organized and divided.	Participatory mapping is a family of methods in which community members themselves create maps of their territory, resources, land use, and boundaries — sketched on the ground or paper, drawn to scale, or built in a geographic information system. Rather than the researcher mapping the community from outside, local people hold the pen, so the map encodes their own spatial knowledge, categories, and claims. The products range from rough sketch maps made in an afternoon to participatory GIS (PGIS) layers that can stand in formal land negotiations.