方法对比

	测验等值	概化理论（G-Theory）
领域	心理测量学	心理测量学
方法族	Latent structure	Latent structure
起源年份	1984 (modern statistical treatment)	1963–1972
提出者	Kolen & Brennan (foundational treatise, 2004/2014); Holland & Dorans (2006)	Lee J. Cronbach, Goldine Gleser, Harinder Nanda, Nageswari Rajaratnam
类型	Score transformation / latent-scale calibration	Variance-components reliability model
开创性文献	Kolen, M.J. & Brennan, R.L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4939-0316-6	Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H. & Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of Generalizability for Scores and Profiles. Wiley.
别名	Test Eşitleme (Test Equating), score equating, equipercentile equating, IRT true-score equating	G-theory, G-study / D-study framework, variance components reliability
相关	4	4
摘要	Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and Dorans (2006) provide the authoritative chapter-length overview within the field of educational measurement.	Generalizability Theory is a psychometric framework that decomposes observed score variance into multiple sources — persons, items, raters, occasions, and their interactions — using analysis of variance. It replaces the single reliability coefficient of classical test theory with a family of coefficients that tell researchers how well scores generalize across different measurement conditions.