方法对比

	Survey Experiment	List Experiment
领域	Political Science	Political Science
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2011	2011
提出者	Experimental political science; synthesized by Diana Mutz	Survey methodology; modern estimators by Kosuke Imai, Graeme Blair, Adam Glynn
类型	Randomized experiment embedded in a survey	Sensitive-question survey experiment
开创性文献	Mutz, D. C. (2011). Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN: 9780691144528	Imai, K. (2011). Multivariate Regression Analysis for the Item Count Technique. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 106(494), 407–416.
别名	Population-based survey experiment, Survey-embedded experiment, Question-wording experiment, Framing experiment	Item count technique, Unmatched count technique, Item count method, List randomization
相关	4	3
摘要	A survey experiment embeds a randomized experiment inside a survey: respondents are randomly assigned to different versions of a question, frame, or stimulus, and their answers are compared to estimate a causal effect. By combining the internal validity of randomization with the representative samples and rich measurement of survey research, survey experiments — especially population-based ones — let political scientists draw causal inferences about how information, framing, or message attributes shape public attitudes and behavior.	The list experiment, also called the item count technique, is a survey design that measures the prevalence of a sensitive attitude or behavior without ever requiring any respondent to directly disclose it. Respondents are randomly split into two groups: a control group sees a list of innocuous items and reports only how many apply to them, while a treatment group sees the same list plus one sensitive item. Because respondents report only a count, no individual answer reveals their stance on the sensitive item, and the difference in average counts between the groups estimates the proportion holding the sensitive trait.