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| 运动焦虑量表 (SAS)× | 心理韧性问卷 (MTQ48)× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 运动心理学 | 运动心理学 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | 1990 | 2002 |
| 提出者≠ | Ronald Smith, Frank Smoll, Robert Schutz | Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell |
| 类型≠ | Self-report sport-specific trait anxiety questionnaire | Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire |
| 开创性文献≠ | Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale. Anxiety Research, 2(4), 263–280. DOI ↗ | Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187. link ↗ |
| 别名 | SAS, SAS-2, Sport-Specific Anxiety | MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs |
| 相关 | 4 | 4 |
| 摘要≠ | The SAS is a 15–21 item questionnaire measuring trait (dispositional) sport-specific anxiety—the tendency to experience worry and physiological arousal in sport-competitive contexts. Developed by Smith, Smoll, and Schutz in 1990, the SAS is the primary instrument for assessing individual differences in sport anxiety proneness and for predicting anxiety management needs across diverse athletic populations. | The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience. |
| ScholarGate数据集 ↗ |
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