方法对比

	空间匹配估计量	空间倾向得分匹配
领域	因果推断	因果推断
方法族	Regression model	Regression model
起源年份	2000s–2010s	2000s
提出者	Extension of Abadie & Imbens (2006) matching estimator to spatial settings; geographic applications developed in urban/environmental econometrics literature	Extension of Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) PSM to spatial settings; spatial adaptation developed in applied econometrics and epidemiology literature from the 2000s onward
类型	Quasi-experimental causal inference	Quasi-experimental matching estimator
开创性文献	Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2006). Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects. Econometrica, 74(1), 235-267.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.
别名	geographic matching estimator, spatial nearest-neighbor matching, location-based matching estimator, spatially-weighted matching	Spatial PSM, Geospatial PSM, Spatially-adjusted propensity score matching, Geographic propensity score matching
相关	6	6
摘要	The Spatial Matching Estimator estimates causal treatment effects by pairing each treated geographic unit with one or more similar untreated units nearby, exploiting the assumption that units close in space share similar unobserved characteristics. By restricting matches to a geographic neighbourhood or weighting by spatial proximity, the method controls for location-specific confounders that standard matching ignores.	Spatial Propensity Score Matching (Spatial PSM) extends the classic propensity score matching framework to settings where units are embedded in geographic space and treatment assignment or outcomes may be spatially correlated. By incorporating spatial covariates and adjacency structure into the propensity model and matching procedure, it produces causal estimates that account for geographic confounding and spillover effects.