方法对比

	空间工具变量（Spatial IV / Spatial 2SLS）	空间倾向得分匹配
领域	因果推断	因果推断
方法族	Regression model	Regression model
起源年份	1988-1998	2000s
提出者	Kelejian & Prucha (generalized spatial 2SLS); Anselin (spatial econometrics framework)	Extension of Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) PSM to spatial settings; spatial adaptation developed in applied econometrics and epidemiology literature from the 2000s onward
类型	Quasi-experimental causal inference with spatial dependence	Quasi-experimental matching estimator
开创性文献	Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I. R. (1998). A Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares Procedure for Estimating a Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Disturbances. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 17(1), 99-121.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.
别名	Spatial IV, Spatial 2SLS, Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares, S-IV	Spatial PSM, Geospatial PSM, Spatially-adjusted propensity score matching, Geographic propensity score matching
相关	6	6
摘要	Spatial Instrumental Variables (Spatial IV) is a causal inference method for settings where units — regions, firms, neighborhoods — are spatially interdependent, creating endogeneity that standard IV approaches ignore. It constructs instruments from the spatially lagged values of exogenous characteristics of neighboring units, then applies two-stage least squares to recover unbiased causal estimates in the presence of both endogenous regressors and spatial autocorrelation.	Spatial Propensity Score Matching (Spatial PSM) extends the classic propensity score matching framework to settings where units are embedded in geographic space and treatment assignment or outcomes may be spatially correlated. By incorporating spatial covariates and adjacency structure into the propensity model and matching procedure, it produces causal estimates that account for geographic confounding and spillover effects.