方法对比

	空间因果影响分析	倾向得分匹配
领域	因果推断	研究统计学
方法族	Regression model	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2010s (codified)	1983
提出者	Delgado & Florax (spatial DiD); Halleck Vega & Elhorst (SLX model); broader lineage in spatial econometrics (Anselin, 1988)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
类型	Quasi-experimental causal inference with spatial data	Method
开创性文献	Delgado, M. S., & Florax, R. J. G. M. (2015). Difference-in-differences techniques for spatial data: Local autocorrelation and spatial interaction. Economics Letters, 137, 123-126.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
别名	spatial causal inference, geo-causal analysis, spatial treatment effect estimation, spatial impact evaluation	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
相关	4	3
摘要	Spatial causal impact analysis estimates the causal effect of a spatially-targeted intervention — a policy, shock, or treatment applied to particular locations — while explicitly accounting for geographic spillovers between treated and untreated units. By combining quasi-experimental designs such as difference-in-differences or regression discontinuity with spatial econometric models, it separates the direct local effect of a treatment from indirect effects that diffuse to neighbouring areas.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.