方法对比

	Source Criticism (Documentary Hypothesis)	Historical-Critical Exegesis
领域	Religious Studies	Religious Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1885	1975
提出者	Julius Wellhausen (classic synthesis); popularized by Richard Elliott Friedman	Enlightenment biblical scholarship; methodized by Krentz, surveyed by Barton
类型	Document-separation pipeline reconstructing the written sources of a text	Integrative exegetical pipeline establishing a text's original historical meaning
开创性文献	Wellhausen, J. (1885). Prolegomena to the History of Israel (trans. J. S. Black & A. Menzies). Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black. [Cambridge Library Collection reprint]. ISBN: 9781108053822	Krentz, E. (1975). The Historical-Critical Method. Philadelphia: Fortress Press (Guides to Biblical Scholarship). ISBN: 9780800604608
别名	Literarkritik, Documentary Hypothesis, JEDP Analysis, Pentateuchal Source Criticism	Historical-Critical Method, Grammatico-Historical Method, Biblical Criticism, Critical Exegesis
相关	4	4
摘要	Source criticism (Literarkritik) seeks the written documents that lie behind a composite biblical text. Its most famous result is the Documentary Hypothesis, the claim that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) was woven together from four originally independent sources, conventionally labeled J, E, D, and P. The hypothesis grew over the nineteenth century and received its classic synthesis from Julius Wellhausen, whose 1878 Prolegomena to the History of Israel argued that the sources reflect successive stages in the development of Israelite religion. Richard Elliott Friedman's 1987 Who Wrote the Bible? presented the theory to a wide audience with vivid arguments for who wrote each source and when. Source criticism separates the strands by criteria such as the divine name used, doublets, vocabulary, style, and theology, then reconstructs how a redactor combined them.	Historical-critical exegesis is the dominant scholarly approach to interpreting the Bible: it reads each text in its original language, genre, and historical setting in order to recover what its author meant and what its first audience would have understood. Rather than reading scripture through later doctrine or present concerns, it asks the historical question first. The method is not one technique but an integrated family that draws on textual, source, form, and redaction criticism, applying them within a grammatico-historical reading. Edgar Krentz's compact 1975 The Historical-Critical Method describes its rise, goals, and procedures, while John Barton's 2007 The Nature of Biblical Criticism offers a philosophical defense, arguing that biblical criticism is at heart a disciplined attention to what the text means in its literary and historical context.