方法对比

	Social Protection Targeting	Poverty Probability Index
领域	Development Studies	Development Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2004	2005
提出者	David Coady, Margaret Grosh & John Hoddinott (World Bank)	Mark Schreiner; Grameen Foundation (now Innovations for Poverty Action)
类型	Methods for identifying eligible beneficiaries of transfers	Poverty-likelihood scoring instrument
开创性文献	Coady, D., Grosh, M., & Hoddinott, J. (2004). Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries: Review of Lessons and Experience. Washington, DC: World Bank. ISBN: 9780821356043	Schreiner, M. (2016). The Poverty Probability Index (PPI): A Brief on Calculating Annual Poverty Rates and Movement Across a Poverty Line. Innovations for Poverty Action / PovertyIndex.org.
别名	Safety Net Targeting, Proxy Means Testing, Beneficiary Targeting, Transfer Targeting Methods	PPI, Progress out of Poverty Index, Poverty Scorecard, Poverty Likelihood Scorecard
相关	4	4
摘要	Social Protection Targeting is the set of methods used to decide who receives a transfer or safety-net benefit when resources are too scarce to cover everyone. Synthesised in the World Bank reviews of David Coady, Margaret Grosh, and John Hoddinott (2004) and the practical handbook of Grosh and colleagues (2008), it spans means testing, proxy means testing, community-based targeting, geographic targeting, and categorical targeting. Every method trades off two errors — including the non-poor (leakage) and excluding the poor (undercoverage) — and the analyst's job is to choose, calibrate, and combine mechanisms so that, given the budget and administrative capacity, benefits reach the intended population as accurately as possible.	The Poverty Probability Index (PPI), formerly the Progress out of Poverty Index, is a simple, country-specific scorecard that estimates the likelihood that a household is living below a given poverty line. Developed by Mark Schreiner and disseminated first by the Grameen Foundation and later by Innovations for Poverty Action, it reduces poverty measurement to ten easy-to-answer, verifiable questions about household characteristics. The answers produce a score from 0 to 100, which a calibration table converts into the probability that the household falls below national or international poverty lines — a low-cost alternative to a full consumption survey for organizations that need to track the poverty profile of the people they serve.