方法对比

	Social Protection Targeting	Asset Index Construction
领域	Development Studies	Development Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2004	2001
提出者	David Coady, Margaret Grosh & John Hoddinott (World Bank)	Deon Filmer & Lant Pritchett
类型	Methods for identifying eligible beneficiaries of transfers	Composite socioeconomic-status proxy index
开创性文献	Coady, D., Grosh, M., & Hoddinott, J. (2004). Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries: Review of Lessons and Experience. Washington, DC: World Bank. ISBN: 9780821356043	Filmer, D., & Pritchett, L. H. (2001). Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data—or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India. Demography, 38(1), 115-132.
别名	Safety Net Targeting, Proxy Means Testing, Beneficiary Targeting, Transfer Targeting Methods	Wealth Index, Asset Index, PCA Wealth Index, Socioeconomic Status Index
相关	4	4
摘要	Social Protection Targeting is the set of methods used to decide who receives a transfer or safety-net benefit when resources are too scarce to cover everyone. Synthesised in the World Bank reviews of David Coady, Margaret Grosh, and John Hoddinott (2004) and the practical handbook of Grosh and colleagues (2008), it spans means testing, proxy means testing, community-based targeting, geographic targeting, and categorical targeting. Every method trades off two errors — including the non-poor (leakage) and excluding the poor (undercoverage) — and the analyst's job is to choose, calibrate, and combine mechanisms so that, given the budget and administrative capacity, benefits reach the intended population as accurately as possible.	Asset index construction builds a proxy for household wealth or socioeconomic status from observable possessions — durable goods, housing quality, and access to utilities — when reliable income or consumption data are unavailable. The dominant approach, popularized by Deon Filmer and Lant Pritchett in 2001, applies principal component analysis (PCA) to a set of asset variables and uses the first principal component as a set of weights, producing a single wealth score for each household. The method underlies the wealth quintiles reported in Demographic and Health Surveys and many other household surveys across low- and middle-income countries.