方法对比

	社会距离量表	种族主义与生活经历量表
领域	跨文化护理	跨文化护理
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1933	2000
提出者	Emory Bogardus	Harrell, S. P.
类型	Self-report	Self-report
开创性文献	Bogardus, E. S. (1933). A social distance scale. Sociology and Social Research, 17(3), 265–271.	Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57.
别名	SDS, Bogardus Scale	RaLES
相关	4	4
摘要	The Social Distance Scale (SDS), also known as the Bogardus Scale, is a classic sociological instrument designed to measure the degree of social acceptance, prejudice, or social distance that individuals feel toward members of different ethnic, racial, or social groups. Originally developed by Emory Bogardus in 1933 and updated by researchers including Parrillo and Donoghue, the SDS assesses willingness for increasing levels of contact and intimacy with outgroup members, from casual acquaintance to family relationships. The scale is widely used in sociology, psychology, and health research to evaluate attitudes toward diversity and to track changes in intergroup relations.	The Racism and Life Experiences Scales (RaLES) are a multidimensional assessment designed to measure the frequency and intensity of racism-related stress experienced by people of color. Developed by Harrell in 2000, the RaLES operationalize racism not as a single phenomenon but as a constellation of stressors across multiple life domains—individual encounters, collective experiences, institutional discrimination, and historical trauma. The instrument is used in health research to evaluate the psychosocial burden of racism and to understand mechanisms linking discrimination to mental and physical health disparities.