方法对比

	Risk and Resilience Assessment	Social Support Assessment
领域	Social Work	Social Work
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1999	1988
提出者	Mark W. Fraser & colleagues (ecological risk-and-resilience framework)	Multiple traditions; perceived-support scale by Zimet et al., buffering theory by Cohen & Wills
类型	Ecological assessment of risk and protective factors across multiple system levels	Assessment of the structure, function, and perceived adequacy of a client's social support
开创性文献	Fraser, M. W., Richman, J. M., & Galinsky, M. J. (1999). Risk, protection, and resilience: Toward a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research, 23(3), 131–143.	Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.
别名	Risk and Protective Factors Assessment, Resilience-Based Assessment, Ecological Risk-Resilience Framework, Risk and Resilience Framework	Social Support Measurement, Perceived Social Support Assessment, Social Support Network Assessment, Social Support Inventory
相关	4	4
摘要	Risk and resilience assessment is an ecological approach to understanding why some people exposed to adversity fare poorly while others do well, by identifying the risk factors that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes and the protective factors that buffer against them, across individual, family, and environmental levels. Articulated for social work by Mark Fraser and colleagues, it shifts assessment from cataloguing deficits to weighing the dynamic balance of vulnerabilities and strengths, and uses that balance to target interventions that reduce risk and bolster protection.	Social support assessment is the systematic appraisal of the people and resources a client can draw on, the kinds of support they provide, and how adequate that support feels relative to the client's needs. Drawing on the structural-functional theory of support and on validated instruments such as the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, it gives social workers a structured way to map who is in a client's network, what emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal support those ties offer, and where gaps leave the client vulnerable — information that is central to strengths-based intervention and care planning.