方法对比

	风险调整队列研究	倾向得分匹配
领域	流行病学	研究统计学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid–late 20th century (risk-adjusted cohort designs systematized by 1970s–1990s)	1983
提出者	Evolution of cohort study methodology; risk adjustment formalized through work of Rothman, Greenland, and others in epidemiology, 20th century	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
类型	Observational epidemiological study design with statistical confounding control	Method
开创性文献	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
别名	adjusted cohort study, covariate-adjusted cohort, risk-controlled prospective study, propensity-adjusted cohort	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
相关	4	3
摘要	A risk-adjusted cohort study is an observational epidemiological design in which a defined group of individuals is followed over time to compare outcomes between exposed and unexposed subgroups, with statistical methods applied to control for measured confounders. Adjustment strategies — including multivariable regression, propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, or standardization — are used to reduce bias and produce effect estimates that more closely approximate what would be observed in a randomized trial.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.