方法对比

	回顾性队列研究	前瞻性队列研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s)	1950s (systematic application); conceptual roots earlier
提出者	Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others	Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill (landmark application, 1951-1954); cohort methodology formalised by modern epidemiology textbooks
类型	Observational analytic study	Observational longitudinal study design
开创性文献	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
别名	historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study	longitudinal cohort study, prospective follow-up study, incidence study, prospective observational cohort
相关	6	6
摘要	A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements.	A prospective cohort study assembles a group of participants who are free of the outcome of interest at baseline, measures their exposures, and then follows them forward in time to record who develops the outcome. By collecting exposure data before outcomes occur, it establishes a clear temporal sequence that supports causal inference — a major advantage over retrospective designs. It is the cornerstone observational method in epidemiology and clinical research.