方法对比

	回顾性病例系列研究	前瞻性病例系列研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Long-standing practice; codified in EBM frameworks during 1990s–2000s	Late 19th century onward; formalized in modern clinical epidemiology by the 1970s–1980s
提出者	Clinical medicine tradition (no single originator); formalized in evidence-based medicine literature	Evolved from clinical case reporting traditions in 19th–20th century medicine
类型	Observational descriptive study design	Observational study design
开创性文献	Kooistra, B., Dijkman, B., Einhorn, T. A., & Bhandari, M. (2009). How to design a good case series. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 91(Suppl 3), 21–26.	Meinert, C. L. (1996). Clinical Trials: Design, Conduct, and Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195035681
别名	retrospective case series, chart review case series, historical case series, medical records case series	prospective case series study, forward-looking case series, prospective uncontrolled study, prospective observational case series
相关	4	5
摘要	A retrospective case series is an observational study that systematically describes the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of a defined group of patients by examining pre-existing medical records or administrative data. It looks backward in time — data have already been recorded before the study begins. With no control group, no randomization, and no prospective follow-up, it sits near the base of the evidence hierarchy but remains one of the most practical and frequently published study designs in clinical medicine.	A prospective case series is an observational study design in which a group of patients with a particular condition, exposure, or intervention is identified in advance and followed forward in time according to a pre-specified protocol. Data on outcomes, adverse events, and clinical course are collected as they occur, yielding higher data quality and temporal clarity than retrospective designs. No control group is included, so causal inference is limited, but the design is valuable for characterizing natural disease history, early safety signals, and feasibility of new interventions.