方法对比

	回顾性病例报告	回顾性队列研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	19th century (formalized ~2013 with CARE guidelines)	Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s)
提出者	Case reporting tradition in medicine (formalized by CARE guidelines, Riley et al., 2013)	Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others
类型	Observational descriptive study	Observational analytic study
开创性文献	Gagnier, J. J., Kienle, G., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Sox, H., & Riley, D. (2013). The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 7(1), 223.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
别名	retrospective case study, post-hoc case report, retrospective clinical case, case report	historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study
相关	4	6
摘要	A retrospective case report is a detailed, structured narrative of a single patient's clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcome, assembled from existing medical records after the clinical events have occurred. It is the most granular and accessible observational design in clinical medicine, serving primarily to document rare presentations, unexpected outcomes, novel treatments, or unusual drug reactions that would not otherwise enter the published literature.	A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements.