方法对比
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| 关系调查× | 因果比较研究× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 研究设计 | 研究设计 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s) | 1964 |
| 提出者≠ | Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others | Fred N. Kerlinger |
| 类型≠ | Quantitative non-experimental survey design | Non-experimental quantitative research design |
| 开创性文献≠ | Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748 | Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. link ↗ |
| 别名 | correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey | ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR |
| 相关≠ | 4 | 3 |
| 摘要≠ | Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation. | Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical. |
| ScholarGate数据集 ↗ |
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