方法对比

	Recreation Opportunity Spectrum	Visitor Experience and Resource Protection
领域	Tourism Recreation	Tourism Recreation
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1979	1997
提出者	Roger N. Clark & George H. Stankey	U.S. National Park Service (Denver Service Center)
类型	Setting-classification framework for recreation planning	Carrying-capacity and visitor-use planning pipeline
开创性文献	Clark, R. N., & Stankey, G. H. (1979). The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum: A Framework for Planning, Management, and Research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-098. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.	National Park Service (1997). VERP: The Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Framework — A Handbook for Planners and Managers. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center.
别名	ROS Framework, Recreation Setting Spectrum, Opportunity Setting Classification	VERP Framework, NPS Carrying Capacity Framework, Visitor Experience Resource Protection Planning
相关	3	3
摘要	The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) is a framework for planning and managing outdoor recreation by classifying the landscape into a graded range of settings, from primitive to modern and urbanized. Articulated by Roger Clark and George Stankey for the USDA Forest Service in 1979, ROS rests on the premise that the quality of a recreation experience depends heavily on the setting in which it occurs, and that a recreation system should deliberately provide a diversity of settings so that different visitors can find the experiences they seek. The framework defines settings along physical, social, and managerial factors, such as remoteness, the density of other visitors, and the degree of on-site regulation and development. By inventorying these factors and combining them, managers classify each part of a landscape into an opportunity class and then prescribe management consistent with maintaining that class.	Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) is the U.S. National Park Service's framework for addressing carrying capacity by managing the conditions of both park resources and visitor experiences rather than counting visitors. Set out in the 1997 NPS handbook, VERP reflects the same insight that drove the Limits of Acceptable Change system: there is no single defensible number of visitors a park can hold, so management should instead define the conditions it wishes to maintain and act to keep them within acceptable limits. VERP proceeds by grounding the plan in the park's purpose and significance, dividing the park into management zones with prescribed desired conditions, selecting measurable indicators of quality for resources and experiences, setting standards for those indicators in each zone, monitoring conditions, and managing visitor use whenever a standard is violated. It is the park-planning counterpart to LAC and is woven into the general-management-planning process.