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| 配额抽样× | 簇抽样× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 调查方法论 | 调查方法论 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | 1930s | Early-to-mid 20th century; canonical treatment 1953/1977 |
| 提出者≠ | Developed in market research and opinion polling, notably applied by George Gallup in the 1930s | Formalized by William G. Cochran; roots in early 20th-century U.S. Census Bureau survey practice |
| 类型≠ | Non-probability sampling design | Probability sampling design |
| 开创性文献≠ | Moser, C. A., & Kalton, G. (1972). Survey Methods in Social Investigation (2nd ed.). Heinemann. ISBN: 978-0435827496 | Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471162407 |
| 别名 | quota-controlled sampling, quota selection, non-probability quota sampling | cluster random sampling, area sampling, one-stage cluster sampling |
| 相关 | 5 | 5 |
| 摘要≠ | Quota sampling is a non-probability technique in which the researcher pre-specifies how many units to recruit from each subgroup (quota cell) defined by one or more control variables such as age, gender, or occupation. Interviewers or data collectors then use their own judgment to find and enroll participants until each cell is filled. The method guarantees the sample mirrors the population on the control variables but does not provide the randomness needed for classical statistical inference. | Cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique in which the population is divided into naturally occurring groups (clusters), a random sample of clusters is selected, and all — or a random subset of — members within each selected cluster are studied. It is especially practical when a complete population list is unavailable or when units are geographically dispersed, making individual random selection prohibitively expensive. One-stage cluster sampling surveys every member of selected clusters; two-stage designs add a second random draw within clusters. |
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