方法对比

	前测-后测实验设计	析因实验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)	1926–1935
提出者	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley	Ronald A. Fisher
类型	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design	Quantitative experimental design
开创性文献	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.	Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd.
别名	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design	factorial design, factorial ANOVA design, multi-factor experiment, crossed-factor design
相关	5	6
摘要	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.	A factorial experiment is an experimental design in which two or more independent variables (factors) are manipulated simultaneously, and every combination of their levels is tested. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in the 1920s–1930s, it is the standard approach whenever a researcher needs to detect not only the main effect of each factor but also whether the effect of one factor depends on the level of another — the interaction effect.