方法对比

	实用所罗门四组设计	对照组实验设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1949 (Solomon design); pragmatic variant in applied use from 1990s onward	1935 (Fisher); 1963 (Campbell & Stanley codification)
提出者	Solomon four-group design: Richard L. Solomon (1949); pragmatic orientation formalized by Schwartz & Lellouch (1967) and Thorpe et al. (2009)	Ronald A. Fisher; systematised by Donald T. Campbell & Julian C. Stanley
类型	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental research design
开创性文献	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
别名	pragmatic S4GD, real-world Solomon four-group design, pragmatic pretest-control design, pragmatic Solomon design	controlled experiment, true experimental design, randomized controlled design, treatment-control design
相关	5	4
摘要	The Pragmatic Solomon Four-Group Design combines the pretest-sensitization control logic of the classic Solomon (1949) four-group structure with the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and real-world conditions characteristic of pragmatic trials. Four groups are formed: two receive the intervention (one pretested, one not) and two serve as controls (one pretested, one not), allowing simultaneous estimation of treatment effects and pretest sensitization effects under ecologically valid settings.	Control group experimental design is a fundamental experimental structure in which participants are assigned to at least two groups — a treatment group that receives the intervention and a control group that does not — so that the effect of the intervention can be isolated by comparing outcomes across groups. Randomisation of assignment strengthens causal inference by balancing known and unknown confounders.