方法对比

	实用所罗门四组设计	整群随机对照试验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1949 (Solomon design); pragmatic variant in applied use from 1990s onward	1978–1980s
提出者	Solomon four-group design: Richard L. Solomon (1949); pragmatic orientation formalized by Schwartz & Lellouch (1967) and Thorpe et al. (2009)	Cornfield (1978); systematised by Donner and colleagues (1980s)
类型	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental design
开创性文献	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Donner, A., & Klar, N. (2000). Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold. ISBN: 978-0340652978
别名	pragmatic S4GD, real-world Solomon four-group design, pragmatic pretest-control design, pragmatic Solomon design	cluster RCT, group-randomized trial, community randomized trial, cluster-randomized experiment
相关	5	4
摘要	The Pragmatic Solomon Four-Group Design combines the pretest-sensitization control logic of the classic Solomon (1949) four-group structure with the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and real-world conditions characteristic of pragmatic trials. Four groups are formed: two receive the intervention (one pretested, one not) and two serve as controls (one pretested, one not), allowing simultaneous estimation of treatment effects and pretest sensitization effects under ecologically valid settings.	A cluster randomized controlled trial (cluster RCT) is an experimental design in which intact social or organisational groups — such as schools, clinics, villages, or workplaces — are randomly assigned to treatment conditions rather than individual participants. Outcomes are still measured at the individual level, but the unit of randomization is the cluster. This design is essential when an intervention is delivered to whole groups, when there is a risk of contamination between participants in the same setting, or when individual randomization is logistically or ethically impractical.