方法对比

	Pragmatic Screening Test Evaluation	横断面流行病学研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2000s-2010s (formalized with PRECIS framework)	1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th century
提出者	Pragmatic trial framework: Schwartz & Lellouch (1967); PRECIS tool: Thorpe et al. (2009)	Classical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s)
类型	Observational / quasi-experimental evaluation design	Observational, descriptive/analytic epidemiological design
开创性文献	Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., & Chalkidou, K. (2009). A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(5), 464-475.	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195080407
别名	pragmatic diagnostic screen evaluation, real-world screening evaluation, effectiveness-oriented screening study, PRECIS-guided screening evaluation	prevalence study, cross-sectional survey, transversal study, cross-sectional design
相关	5	6
摘要	A pragmatic screening test evaluation assesses the real-world effectiveness of a screening instrument under routine clinical or public-health conditions — rather than the tightly controlled, ideal-participant settings of explanatory studies. It asks whether the screening tool performs adequately in the actual populations and workflows where it will be deployed, prioritising external validity and implementation relevance over maximally controlled internal conditions.	A cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest simultaneously in a defined population at a single point in time (or over a short period). Because there is no follow-up, it is the most efficient observational design for estimating disease prevalence and for generating hypotheses about associations between risk factors and health outcomes.