方法对比

	实用型前测-后测实验设计	实用性随机对照试验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction)	1967
提出者	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design)	Daniel Schwartz and Joseph Lellouch
类型	Experimental / quasi-experimental design	Experimental design — pragmatic trial
开创性文献	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
别名	pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study	pRCT, pragmatic trial, practical clinical trial, real-world RCT
相关	5	4
摘要	A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions.	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) tests whether an intervention works under ordinary, real-world conditions — broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and routine care settings. Participants are still randomly assigned to treatment or control, preserving causal inference, but the study is designed to reflect the diversity and variability of actual practice rather than the ideal conditions of an explanatory trial. The defining framework is the PRECIS-2 tool, which maps any RCT along nine pragmatic-to-explanatory dimensions.