方法对比

	实用型前测-后测实验设计	自然实验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction)	1990s (formal methodological articulation); earlier in epidemiology (John Snow, 1854)
提出者	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design)	Varied; systematized in econometrics and political science (e.g., Meyer 1995; Angrist & Krueger 1991)
类型	Experimental / quasi-experimental design	Quasi-experimental research design
开创性文献	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648.	Meyer, B. D. (1995). Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13(2), 151–161.
别名	pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study	natural quasi-experiment, naturally occurring experiment, exogenous shock design, as-if randomization
相关	5	3
摘要	A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions.	A natural experiment exploits a real-world event, policy, or circumstance that assigns individuals to treatment and control conditions in a way that is plausibly random — or at least exogenous to the outcome of interest. Because the researcher does not control assignment, it occupies a middle ground between a true randomized controlled trial and purely observational research, offering stronger causal leverage than conventional observational designs when the as-if randomization assumption holds.