方法对比

	实用性巢式病例对照研究	队列研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1977 (nested case-control); pragmatic variant emerged in real-world evidence research from 1990s onwards	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
提出者	Duncan Thomas (nested case-control); pragmatic design concept from Schwartz & Lellouch (1967)	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
类型	Observational epidemiological study design	Observational longitudinal study design
开创性文献	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
别名	real-world nested case-control, pragmatic NCC, nested case-control in routine data, real-world evidence nested case-control	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
相关	5	6
摘要	A pragmatic nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within a pre-existing real-world cohort — typically drawn from electronic health records, administrative claims, or disease registries — to examine associations between exposures and outcomes under routine clinical conditions. Controls are sampled from the risk set (those still at risk at the time each case occurs), preserving temporal sequence while dramatically reducing data-collection costs compared with a full cohort analysis.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.