方法对比

	Pragmatic Field Experiment	簇随机现场试验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1967 (pragmatic framing); 2009 (PRECIS tool)	1980s–1990s (formalized methodology)
提出者	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); formalized for practice through PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	David M. Murray (group-randomized trials framework); applied broadly in public health and education research
类型	Experimental design	Randomized experimental design
开创性文献	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Murray, D. M. (1998). Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195120424
别名	pragmatic effectiveness trial, real-world field experiment, effectiveness field trial, practical field study	CRFE, cluster-randomized trial in the field, group-randomized field experiment, community-randomized field experiment
相关	6	4
摘要	A pragmatic field experiment tests whether an intervention works under real-world, routine conditions rather than under the tightly controlled settings of a laboratory or explanatory trial. It combines the pragmatic trial philosophy — prioritising external validity and decision-relevance — with field experimentation, so findings directly inform policy and practice. The design is positioned toward the pragmatic end of the PRECIS continuum and is widely used in public health, education, agriculture, and behavioral economics.	A cluster randomized field experiment (CRFE) assigns intact groups — schools, villages, clinics, workplaces — rather than individuals to treatment or control conditions, and the experiment is conducted in real-world settings rather than a laboratory. Randomization at the group level controls for contamination between conditions while preserving the ecological validity of the natural environment. It is the dominant design for evaluating community-level, school-based, or workplace interventions in public health, education policy, and development economics.