方法对比

	Pragmatic Field Experiment	自适应现场实验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1967 (pragmatic framing); 2009 (PRECIS tool)	1990s–2000s (formalized in field economics and development research contexts)
提出者	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); formalized for practice through PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Developed at the intersection of adaptive trial methodology (Berry, Bauer) and field experimentation (Duflo, Kremer, List)
类型	Experimental design	Adaptive experimental design conducted in naturalistic settings
开创性文献	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Berry, D. A. (2004). Bayesian statistics and the efficiency and ethics of clinical trials. Statistical Science, 19(1), 175–187.
别名	pragmatic effectiveness trial, real-world field experiment, effectiveness field trial, practical field study	adaptive field trial, sequentially adaptive field experiment, responsive field experiment, adaptive randomized field study
相关	6	6
摘要	A pragmatic field experiment tests whether an intervention works under real-world, routine conditions rather than under the tightly controlled settings of a laboratory or explanatory trial. It combines the pragmatic trial philosophy — prioritising external validity and decision-relevance — with field experimentation, so findings directly inform policy and practice. The design is positioned toward the pragmatic end of the PRECIS continuum and is widely used in public health, education, agriculture, and behavioral economics.	An adaptive field experiment is a randomized study conducted in a real-world environment in which pre-specified decision rules allow the researcher to modify the trial as interim data accumulate — for example, by reallocating participants toward more effective arms, adjusting sample size, or stopping early for efficacy or futility — all while maintaining statistical integrity.