方法对比

	民粹主义量表	国家认同量表
领域	政治心理学	政治心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2014	1989
提出者	Matthijs Bukkerman, Cas Mudde, Andrej Zaslaysky	Richard Kosterman & Seymour Feshbach
类型	Self-report	Self-report
开创性文献	Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslaysky, A. (2014). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.	Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257-274.
别名	PAS, Akkerman Populism Scale, Populist Attitudes Measure	NIS, National Attachment Scale, Patriotism Scale
相关	3	3
摘要	The Populism Attitudes Scale measures individual propensity toward populist political orientations, including Manichean worldview (pure people vs. corrupt elites), belief in popular sovereignty, and anti-elitism. Developed by Akkerman, Mudde, and Zaslaysky (2014), the eight-item scale distinguishes populist attitudes from left-right ideology, authoritarian attitudes, and distrust of institutions. It captures voters' susceptibility to populist political messaging across left-wing and right-wing populist movements globally, from Latin American left-populism to European right-wing populism.	The National Identity Scale measures the strength and character of individuals' identification with their nation, including attachment to national symbols, pride in national achievements, and sense of belonging to the national community. Developed by Kosterman and Feshbach (1989), it distinguishes patriotism (pride in national accomplishments, willingness to serve) from nationalism (belief in national superiority, willingness to act against outsiders). The measure has become essential in comparative politics, examining how national identity shapes political behavior, attitudes toward immigration, support for international cooperation, and electoral choices.