方法对比

	Politeness Analysis	Speech Act Analysis
领域	语言学	语言学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1987	1962
提出者	Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson	J. L. Austin and John R. Searle (analytic method derived from speech act theory)
类型	Qualitative analysis of linguistic politeness via face theory	Qualitative pragmatic coding of utterances for illocutionary force
开创性文献	Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521313551	Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780198245537
别名	Face Theory Analysis, Politeness Strategy Analysis, Linguistic Politeness Analysis	Illocutionary Force Analysis, Speech Act Coding, Pragmatic Act Analysis
相关	4	4
摘要	Politeness analysis is the qualitative method of examining how speakers manage face — the public self-image people claim — when they perform acts that threaten it. Anchored in Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's influential face theory, the analyst locates face-threatening acts in interaction, codes the strategy chosen to soften (or not soften) them, and relates that choice to the weight of the threat as a function of social distance, relative power, and the ranking of the imposition. The framework's enduring scheme of strategies — bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record — gives politeness phenomena a systematic, comparable description.	Speech act analysis is the empirical, qualitative method of examining real utterances for the actions they perform — promising, requesting, apologizing, warning, declaring — rather than merely for what they describe. Building on J. L. Austin's insight that saying is doing and on John Searle's systematic taxonomy of illocutionary acts, the analyst segments discourse into utterances, identifies the illocutionary force of each, classifies it (as a representative, directive, commissive, expressive, or declaration), and notes whether the act is performed directly or indirectly. It turns the philosophy of language into a coding procedure that can be applied to conversations, written texts, and elicited data.