方法对比

	在线便利抽样	目的性抽样	滚雪球抽样
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1990s–2000s (internet survey era)	Formalized ~1980–1990	1961
提出者	Evolved from convenience sampling; internet applications documented from mid-1990s onward	Michael Quinn Patton (systematic articulation); roots in early qualitative inquiry	Leo A. Goodman
类型	Non-probability sampling	Non-probability sampling strategy	Non-probability sampling technique
开创性文献	Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59(2), 93–104.	Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0803937796	Goodman, L. A. (1961). Snowball sampling. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 32(1), 148–170.
别名	web-based convenience sampling, internet convenience sampling, digital convenience sampling, online accidental sampling	judgmental sampling, selective sampling, criterion-based sampling, purposeful sampling	chain-referral sampling, network sampling, respondent-driven sampling, referral sampling
相关	3	4	3
摘要	Online convenience sampling is a non-probability technique in which participants are recruited via internet channels — survey platforms, social media, email lists, or research panels — simply because they are accessible and willing to respond. It is the online analogue of traditional convenience sampling, offering fast, low-cost data collection at the expense of known representativeness. It is among the most widely used approaches in social, behavioral, and health sciences research conducted through web-based surveys.	Purposive sampling is a non-probability strategy in which the researcher deliberately selects participants, documents, or cases that are information-rich with respect to the research question. Rather than drawing units at random, the researcher applies explicit criteria aligned with the study's purpose, maximising the depth and relevance of the data collected. It is the default sampling logic in most qualitative research designs and is also used in mixed-methods and applied evaluative work.	Snowball sampling is a non-probability recruitment technique in which initial participants (seeds) refer the researcher to others who meet the study criteria, and those referrals in turn refer further participants. The sample grows incrementally — like a rolling snowball — until the required size or theoretical saturation is reached. It is the method of choice when a target population has no accessible sampling frame, such as undocumented migrants, illicit drug users, survivors of stigmatised experiences, or members of closed professional networks.