方法对比

	非参与者观察	调查
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s
提出者	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s
类型	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument
开创性文献	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149
别名	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study
相关	5	6
摘要	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.