方法对比

	NOMINATE	Ideal Point Estimation	Roll-Call Analysis	Wordfish Scaling
领域	Political Science	Political Science	Political Science	Political Science
方法族	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
起源年份	1985	2004	—	2008
提出者	Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal	Clinton, Jackman & Rivers (Bayesian formulation); Poole & Rosenthal (spatial tradition)	Spatial-voting tradition; Poole, Rosenthal, Clinton, Jackman, Rivers	Jonathan Slapin and Sven-Oliver Proksch
类型	Spatial scaling model of roll-call voting	Latent-variable spatial model of binary choice data	Scaling and analysis of legislative binary-choice data	Unsupervised latent-position model for word-count data
开创性文献	Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (1985). A Spatial Model for Legislative Roll Call Analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 29(2), 357–384.	Clinton, J., Jackman, S., & Rivers, D. (2004). The Statistical Analysis of Roll Call Data. American Political Science Review, 98(2), 355–370.	Poole, K. T. (2000). Nonparametric Unfolding of Binary Choice Data. Political Analysis, 8(3), 211–237.	Slapin, J. B., & Proksch, S.-O. (2008). A Scaling Model for Estimating Time-Series Party Positions from Texts. American Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 705–722.
别名	DW-NOMINATE, W-NOMINATE, Nominal Three-Step Estimation, Poole-Rosenthal scores	Ideal point model, Item response theory for roll calls, Spatial voting model, Bayesian ideal points	Roll call voting analysis, Legislative vote scaling, Roll-call scaling, Optimal classification of votes	Wordfish text scaling, Poisson scaling of texts, Unsupervised text scaling, Wordfish position estimation
相关	3	4	3	4
摘要	NOMINATE — Nominal Three-step Estimation — is the family of spatial scaling procedures developed by Keith Poole and Howard Rosenthal to recover legislators' ideological positions from roll-call votes. Each legislator and the yea and nay outcomes of each vote are placed in a low-dimensional space, and a normal (Gaussian) deterministic utility plus a random shock governs choices. Fitted by maximum likelihood, NOMINATE produces the canonical ideal-point coordinates used to chart polarization across two centuries of the U.S. Congress, with the dynamic DW-NOMINATE variant allowing positions to drift smoothly over time.	Ideal point estimation recovers the latent policy positions — ideal points — of political actors from their observed binary choices, most often legislators' yea/nay votes on roll calls. Building on the spatial theory of voting and formalized as a Bayesian item-response model by Clinton, Jackman, and Rivers in 2004, it places each legislator and each bill in a low-dimensional policy space and estimates positions so that the probability a legislator votes yea increases as the bill's 'yea' outcome moves closer to that legislator's ideal point.	Roll-call analysis is the study of recorded legislative votes to recover the structure of political conflict — the ideological positions of legislators, the dimensionality of the issue space, and the cohesion of parties. It encompasses parametric spatial and item-response models that estimate latent ideal points, nonparametric scaling such as optimal classification that maximizes correctly classified votes without distributional assumptions, and descriptive cohesion statistics like the Rice index. Together these tools turn a matrix of yea/nay votes into a map of who agrees with whom and why.	Wordfish scaling is an unsupervised text-as-data method that estimates a single latent position for each political document — a party manifesto, a legislative speech, a press release — directly from its word frequencies, without any reference texts or hand coding. Introduced by Slapin and Proksch in 2008, it models word counts as draws from a Poisson distribution whose rate depends on a document position and word-specific parameters, recovering, for example, a left–right ordering of parties purely from how often each word appears in each text.