方法对比

	New Public Management Assessment	Regulatory Enforcement Analysis
领域	Public Administration	Public Administration
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1991	1992
提出者	Christopher Hood	Ian Ayres & John Braithwaite
类型	Analytical assessment framework	Analytical / strategic framework
开创性文献	Hood, C. (1991). A Public Management for All Seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19.	Ayres, I., & Braithwaite, J. (1992). Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780195070705
别名	NPM Assessment, Managerialism Assessment, Public Management Reform Analysis, Hood NPM Doctrine Analysis	Responsive Regulation Analysis, Enforcement Pyramid Analysis, Compliance and Enforcement Analysis, Regulatory Strategy Analysis
相关	4	4
摘要	New Public Management (NPM) assessment evaluates how far a public organisation or system has adopted the cluster of managerial reform doctrines that swept the public sector from the 1980s — and with what effects. Christopher Hood's 1991 article A Public Management for All Seasons? gave NPM its name and identified its core doctrines: hands-on professional management, explicit performance standards, output controls, disaggregation into units, competition, private-sector management styles, and discipline in resource use. The assessment scores adoption of these doctrines, evaluates their effects, and appraises the trade-offs against enduring public-service values such as equity and accountability.	Regulatory enforcement analysis examines how regulators secure compliance — when they persuade, when they punish, and how they choose between the two. Its central framework is responsive regulation, set out by Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite in their 1992 book, which argues that enforcement should be tit-for-tat and proportionate: start with dialogue and persuasion, but escalate up an enforcement pyramid to warnings, civil penalties, licence suspension and ultimately prohibition for actors who persist in non-compliance. The analysis maps a regulator's strategies onto this pyramid and assesses how well its responses are matched to the motivations of the regulated.