方法对比

	多层 Metropolis-Hastings	多层变分推断
领域	贝叶斯	贝叶斯
方法族	Bayesian methods	Bayesian methods
起源年份	1953 (core); 1990s (multilevel application)	2016
提出者	Metropolis et al. (1953); hierarchical extension developed through 1980s–1990s Bayesian computation literature	Ranganath, Altosaar, Tran, Blei (hierarchical VI formalization, 2016); Blei et al. (VI framework, 2017)
类型	MCMC sampling algorithm	approximate Bayesian inference
开创性文献	Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A. & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439840955	Blei, D. M., Kucukelbir, A., & McAuliffe, J. D. (2017). Variational inference: A review for statisticians. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 112(518), 859-877.
别名	hierarchical Metropolis-Hastings, multilevel MH, MH for hierarchical models, blocked Metropolis-Hastings	hierarchical variational inference, multilevel VI, variational Bayes for multilevel models, MLVI
相关	6	4
摘要	Multilevel Metropolis-Hastings applies the Metropolis-Hastings MCMC algorithm to hierarchical (multilevel) Bayesian models, sampling jointly from group-level parameters and hyperparameters by proposing candidate values and accepting or rejecting them via a ratio that respects the full joint posterior across all levels of the model.	Multilevel variational inference (MLVI) is a scalable approximate Bayesian method that fits hierarchical (multilevel) models by optimizing a variational approximation to the posterior, rather than drawing MCMC samples. It exploits the grouped structure of multilevel data — individuals nested within groups, groups nested within higher-level units — to derive efficient coordinate-wise updates, making Bayesian inference tractable for large clustered datasets.