方法对比

	多层自助法模拟	缺失数据时的自助法模拟
领域	贝叶斯	贝叶斯
方法族	Bayesian methods	Bayesian methods
起源年份	1979 (bootstrap); multilevel variants c.1990s	1979–1990s
提出者	Efron (1979); multilevel extensions developed through 1980s–2000s	Bradley Efron (bootstrap); missing-data extensions by Efron, Little, Rubin and others
类型	resampling / simulation	Resampling simulation
开创性文献	Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1–26.	Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN: 978-0412042317
别名	hierarchical bootstrap, cluster bootstrap, stratified bootstrap for multilevel data, multilevel resampling	bootstrap with missing data, bootstrap imputation simulation, resampling under missingness, bootstrap MI
相关	6	5
摘要	Multilevel bootstrap simulation is a resampling technique designed for clustered or hierarchically structured data. It preserves the nested data structure by resampling at each level independently — first drawing clusters (e.g., schools, hospitals), then drawing observations within each sampled cluster — so that bootstrap replicate datasets reflect the same multilevel organisation as the original data.	Bootstrap simulation with missing data combines resampling-based variance estimation with principled handling of incomplete observations. Rather than deleting cases or assuming complete data, the method integrates imputation or weighting directly into the bootstrap loop, propagating the additional uncertainty due to missingness into the final standard errors and confidence intervals.