方法对比

	多源非参与式观察	现场记录
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1980s (methodological triangulation literature)	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)
提出者	Rooted in systematic observation traditions; multi-source triangulation formalised by Norman Denzin	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.
类型	Qualitative/naturalistic data collection strategy	Qualitative data collection and recording technique
开创性文献	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813
别名	multi-site non-participant observation, multi-context unobtrusive observation, non-reactive multi-source observation, triangulated non-participant observation	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings
相关	6	6
摘要	Multi-source non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection strategy in which a researcher systematically observes naturally occurring behaviour across two or more distinct settings, sites, or data sources without joining or influencing the activity being studied. By deliberately excluding the researcher from participation and drawing on multiple independent observational vantage points, the approach strengthens credibility through methodological triangulation while preserving the unobtrusiveness that protects naturalistic behaviour.	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.