方法对比

	多源现场笔记	三角检验证据
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1990s (multi-observer extensions formalised in mixed-methods era)	1970s–1980s
提出者	Ethnographic research tradition; systematised by Emerson, Fretz & Shaw	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation); Yvonna Lincoln & Egon Guba (trustworthiness framework)
类型	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative data collection and verification technique
开创性文献	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206837	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
别名	multi-observer field notes, triangulated field notes, collaborative field notes, multi-site field notes	multi-source field notes, cross-observer field notes, triangulated observation notes, TFN
相关	6	5
摘要	Multi-source field notes is a data collection approach in which two or more observers, sites, or vantage points contribute written records of naturally occurring events, interactions, and settings. By pooling notes from multiple sources, researchers cross-check individual impressions and capture aspects of a scene that any single observer would miss, strengthening descriptive richness and analytical trustworthiness.	Triangulated Field Notes is a qualitative data collection technique in which field notes are recorded independently by multiple observers, from multiple vantage points, or at multiple time points and then systematically compared to strengthen the credibility and completeness of observational data. Rooted in Denzin's triangulation framework and Lincoln and Guba's trustworthiness criteria, the approach counters observer bias by cross-checking accounts before analysis begins.