方法对比

	多群体测量不变性检验	多组探索性因子分析 (MGEFA)
领域	心理测量学	心理测量学
方法族	Latent structure	Latent structure
起源年份	1971–1993	1981
提出者	Jöreskog, K. G. (1971); Meredith, W. (1993)	Muthén & Christoffersson
类型	Model comparison / hypothesis testing	Latent variable / multi-group dimension reduction
开创性文献	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.	Muthén, B. & Christoffersson, A. (1981). Simultaneous factor analysis of dichotomous variables in several groups. Psychometrika, 46(4), 407–419.
别名	measurement invariance, factorial invariance, cross-group invariance, MI testing	MGEFA, multi-sample exploratory factor analysis, simultaneous EFA across groups, exploratory factor analysis with multiple groups
相关	6	6
摘要	Multi-group measurement invariance testing examines whether a latent construct is measured in the same way across two or more distinct groups — such as cultures, genders, or age cohorts. It is a prerequisite for meaningful group comparisons of latent means or relationships, ensuring that observed score differences reflect true differences rather than measurement artifacts.	Multi-group exploratory factor analysis estimates the latent factor structure of a set of items separately within each of two or more groups and then examines whether the discovered structures are consistent across groups. It is used to explore dimensionality before imposing invariance constraints, and to diagnose group-specific factor patterns that would invalidate cross-group comparisons.