方法对比

	Most Different Systems Design	Qualitative Comparative Analysis
领域	Political Science	Political Science
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970	1987
提出者	John Stuart Mill (method of agreement); Przeworski & Teune (systems framing)	Charles C. Ragin
类型	Small-N comparative case-selection design	Set-theoretic, configurational comparative method
开创性文献	Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN: 9780471701422	Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 9780520058347
别名	MDSD, Most different cases design, Mill's method of agreement, Diverse systems design	QCA, csQCA, fsQCA, Configurational comparative method
相关	3	3
摘要	The most different systems design (MDSD) is a small-N comparative strategy that selects cases that differ on as many background characteristics as possible yet share the same outcome. If wildly dissimilar cases nonetheless converge on the same result, the explanation cannot lie in the many features on which they differ — it must lie in whatever they have in common. Grounded in John Stuart Mill's method of agreement and named by Przeworski and Teune, it is the mirror image of the most similar systems design and a staple of comparative politics.	Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a set-theoretic, configurational method that identifies which combinations of conditions are necessary or sufficient for an outcome across a set of cases. Developed by Charles Ragin, it treats each case as a configuration of set memberships, builds a truth table of all logically possible combinations, and uses Boolean algebra to minimize them into the simplest expressions that account for the outcome. It bridges qualitative case knowledge and cross-case generalization, embracing causal complexity through conjunctural causation, equifinality, and asymmetry.