方法对比

	Learning Analytics Method	Opportunity to Learn Analysis
领域	Education	Education
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2011	1963
提出者	George Siemens, Ryan Baker, and the learning analytics research community	John B. Carroll (1963); Lorraine McDonnell (1995); IEA surveys
类型	Applied data-analytic methodology for educational data	Measurement and analysis of students' exposure to instructional content
开创性文献	Baker, R. S. J. d., & Inventado, P. S. (2014). Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics. In J. A. Larusson & B. White (Eds.), Learning Analytics: From Research to Practice (pp. 61–75). Springer.	McDonnell, L. M. (1995). Opportunity to learn as a research concept and a policy instrument. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 17(3), 305–322.
别名	Learning Analytics Pipeline, Educational Learning Data Analytics, Analytics of Learner Trace Data, Learning Analytics Workflow	OTL Analysis, Opportunity-to-Learn Indicators, Content Coverage Analysis, Curriculum Coverage Measurement
相关	4	4
摘要	Learning analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of data about learners and their contexts for the purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs. Emerging as a distinct field around 2011, and consolidated through the work of George Siemens, Ryan Baker, and the Society for Learning Analytics Research, it is methodologically a pipeline: learner trace data are gathered from digital environments, integrated, modeled to detect patterns and predict outcomes, and then fed back to learners, instructors, and institutions to inform action.	Opportunity to learn (OTL) analysis measures the degree to which students are actually taught the content on which they are assessed, and relates that exposure to their achievement. Rooted in Carroll's 1963 model of school learning and developed as both a research concept and a policy instrument by McDonnell (1995) and the international IEA assessments, it treats content coverage, instructional time, and the alignment between the enacted curriculum and the tested curriculum as measurable conditions of learning rather than properties of the learner.