方法对比

	实验室实验	前测-后测实验设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	17th century (natural science); ~1879 onward (behavioral/social science)	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
提出者	Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle (early scientific method); formalized in social science by Wilhelm Wundt (1879 psychology lab) and Ronald A. Fisher (20th-century design principles)	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
类型	Experimental quantitative design	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
开创性文献	Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN: 978-0395615560	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
别名	lab experiment, controlled experiment, true experiment, lab study	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
相关	5	5
摘要	A laboratory experiment is a research design in which the investigator systematically manipulates one or more independent variables under tightly controlled conditions, randomly assigns participants to conditions, and measures the effect on dependent variables. By maximizing internal control, the laboratory experiment is the gold standard for establishing cause-and-effect relationships. It is the backbone of experimental psychology, cognitive science, pharmacology, and many social sciences.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.